Politics Of The Earth Climate Change - 981 Words

We’ve covered a great deal of material so far dealing with environmental communication strategies, major influencers and overall public engagement. Value charts, theories, approaches, roles and tricky language are just a few of the topics we delved into in the first few weeks. The readings each discuss the major influencers of people’s opinions of the environment, be they political leanings, opinion leaders, linguistic maneuvers, location, or captivating imagery. Additionally, race, affiliations, socioeconomic status and more intersect into individuals’ understanding and response to climate change. The general consensus is that people’s social and political identities, almost more than anything else, determine what steps they take in preventing climate change. In every major discussion of the readings we raised the subject of politics regarding climate change. John Dryzek, professor at the University of Canberra, says in his book Politics of the Earth: â€Å"Discourses are bound up in political power.† We discussed how discourse about climate change is increasingly discursive, and that often the controversy stems from differences in values rather than disagreements about the science. One could argue that these opposing groups maintain their differences of opinion because they do not understand the science and are instead resorting to something they know how to talk about. Both Shi et al’s Knowledge as a driver of public perceptions about climate change reassessed revisits howShow MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Climate Change On Our Lives1037 Words   |  5 PagesGlobal climate change has been a highly debated topic for decades. Climate change is a change in usual weather patterns found globally or in certain regions. This could b e a change in a place’s normal temperature for its time or it could be how much rain a place gets in a year. Normally, climate change is considered normal on planet Earth. Things evolve and change all the time on our home, ever since it formed. Mother nature always goes through different phases. Our planet was a lot different millionsRead MorePolitics Is Blame For A Changing Climate1168 Words   |  5 Pages Politics is to Blame for a Changing Climate In the 1980’s, scientists discovered three important pieces of information that would shape American politics and the environment for years to come. The Earth was getting warmer, the warming was caused by human pollution to the air and sea, and future generations would suffer (Hansen). Few believed these environmentalists at first, but as science progressed, the signs that climate change was a real threat became more and more apparent. Today, the debateRead MoreThe Sanctity Of The Earth By Stephen Hawking Essay1633 Words   |  7 PagesSanctity of the Earth Stephen Hawking is one of the greatest minds in the world, and recently he has stated that human life on Earth has an expectancy of 1,000 more years. He gives many claims as to what contributes to this estimate, but one major factor is climate change. Our way of living has released a lot of carbon dioxide into the air. It pollutes our atmosphere and it warms up our environment. We have increased the temperature of this earth which in turn changes climate around the world, whichRead MoreGlobal Warming Is A Real Phenomenon1048 Words   |  5 PagesEarth is home to an abundance of complex and astonishing forms of life. It has played humanity’s mysterious home ever since the origin of our species. We are constantly learning more about our planet. However, in the last century, there has been a different trend taking place. We have experienced a rise in the Earth’s temperature. Global warming is the phenomenon that has taken place over the past one hundred and thirty-three y ears. Global warming has been described as the greenhouse effect of dangerousRead MoreGlobal Warming And Its Effects On The Environment Essay1585 Words   |  7 Pagessame fate with 50 percent of all the living species on earth which are on the edge of extinction. Coral reefs are also â€Å"victims† of global warming. Recent research indicates the rise of both ocean acidification caused by carbon dioxide and water temperature are threatening 75 percent of the world’s coral reefs since the changes of water’s features make they unable to absorb calcium carbonate which makes up their shells. Moreover, climate change not only challenges scientists and climatologists, butRead MoreThe Anthropocene, â€Å"The Age Of The Human,† (Purdy, Pg 1.),979 Words   |  4 Pagesstarted making an impact of the planet. The age in humans saying that the Earth is theirs instead of saying that we are just a part of this environment. There has been many definitions, different thoughts, and various implications to how this term should be viewed. With the readings from class and learning about the aspects that differ, I think that it should generally be used as a term or â€Å"slogan† for the drastic climate change that humans have created accumulated. The start of the AnthropoceneRead MoreGlobal Warming Is One Of The Most Important Issues Today s Society Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagesof global warming. According to dictionary.com, global warming is an increase in the earth s average atmospheric temperature that causes analogous changes in climate and that may result from the greenhouse effect. I have read a tremendous amount of books and articles regarding global warming. What are the effects, main causes and how the world should stand and try to reduce what causes this massive climate change. I have interviewed Jehan Albasara, who is a student’s in Wayne State University. SheRead MoreThe Everglades And Global Warming1745 Words   |  7 Pagesincreasing global temperatures are causing a significant change and destruction of its iconic natural appearance. Besides the direct effects, global warming is exposing the Everglades to invasive species that is causing great imbalance. Methods McCarthy, T. (2015). Obama in the Everglades to raise alarm on climate change. Retrieved December 7, 2015 from: http://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2015/apr/22/obama-in-the-everglades-to-raise-alarm-on-climate-change The Guardian News is the publisher of the articleRead MoreClimate Change Is A Change1482 Words   |  6 Pages Climate change is a change in global or regional climate patterns. Climate change is a topic that is brought up in many different genres of conversations. Whether it be brought up and discussed in politics, school, family, or friends, some people still limit using those words when in casual conversation. Some of those same people are the people who still deny that climate change is happening. Climate change affects every single one of us. It affects everyone who lives on this earth every day andRead More Global Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Essay example763 Words   |  4 PagesGlobal Warming and the Greenhouse Effect Human induced climate change resulting from an enhanced greenhouse effect is probably the greatest environmental threat facing the world today. Specifically, the emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide may be classified as the primary culprit. As a result of greenhouse gases entering the upper levels of the earths atmosphere, it diminishes or breaks down the earths Ozone layer. With this loss of this protective blanket, harmful radioactive

Events Of 9 / 11 An Era Of New Terrorism - 893 Words

1. Introduction This essay will discuss whether or not the events of 9/11 presaged an era of ‘new terrorism’. The attacks created a change to the perceived level of vulnerability to terrorist attacks in North America given that 9/11 was the first time there was an act of terrorism on such a significant scale within the United States. While the evidence for both sides is very compelling it is difficult to label the era as â€Å"new† therefore the essay will conclude that the attacks lead to an evolution in terrorism and thus in the way Canada deals with terrorist threats. As a result of the 9/11 attacks Canada s counter-terrorism strategy was no longer considered to be sufficient to adequately manage the real or perceived risk of terrorism. This was of particular concern due to the threat of an insecure northern border that was perceived by the U.S. This caused Canada to significantly change its approach to terrorism related risk management. The essay will examine how the events of 9/11 have impacted Canada’s approach to terrorism related risk management. While Canada made many changes, the essay will examine this in terms of: the introduction of stronger anti-terrorism legislation, a fundamental reorganization of the federal bureaucracy and a move towards all hazards emergency management. In order to address the question the essay will first define the relative terms. The essay will then describe the case study that will be used to support some of theShow MoreRelatedTerrorism And Areas Of Global Terrorism1391 Words   |  6 Pagesthan a d ecade terrorism has been a growing concern in the news. One of the most notorious acts of terrorism was 9/11. The events and aftermath of 9/11 was a wakeup call for many Americans. Not only was it a wakeup call to the citizens but also businesses were affected by it. The following paper will investigate terrorism and areas of global strategy impacted by terrorism. The paper will also investigate efforts to curb terrorist threats against globalization. Introduction Terrorism and global businessRead MoreAnalysis Of David Rapoport s Theory Of The Waves Of Terrorism1744 Words   |  7 PagesWhat is the significance of 9/11? This essay will argue that the events of 9/11 and the Bush led war on terror that followed, are extremely significant as they have created a new pattern for the understanding of world politics. Within this new pattern, the twenty-first century has experienced a divide between western powers and their allies, and some Middle-Eastern states. The events of 9/11 directly threatened the U.S. supremacy, marking the first significant terrorist attack on U.S. soil. As wellRead MoreAnalysis Of The Article 15 Years After 9 / 11 1199 Words   |  5 PagesIn his article, â€Å"15 years after 9/11-have we said goodbye to carefree?†,† Paul Fadelli explains that society can never go back to being carefree due to the rise of terrorist attacks. Fadelli presents to middle aged folks who remember the 9/11 attacks, which shaped this society into a new era of occasional terrorist attacks. Fadelli believes that even though terrorist attacks are more prevalent in society, that society should n’t lose the act of being carefree. Fadelli’s purpose is to prove that thingsRead MoreThe Effect of Terrorism Because of Technology1366 Words   |  6 PagesTerrorism is the use of violence, usually against â€Å"non-combatants† , in order to try and achieve political change. Terrorism has been extremely influential in recent decades, stemming from the post World War Two era by exploiting the new advances in the changing world arena, which has triggered states to amend their political agendas to try and focus more attention on the matter of terrorism. Using the dimensions of the world arena and how these have evolved, it is clear that terrorism reflects theRead MoreFree Speech, First Amendment Rights And Terroristic Messages Essay1415 Words   |  6 Pagesdistribution of Terroristic Messages . Finally, This topic is up to date and is one of the hottest topics on political, social and even financial stage not only withing the US but worldwide, due to the Islamic terrorism spread. This topic is crucial to understand the basis of terrorism and related possible charges, for someone who is not aware of â€Å" Terroristic Messages charges. It may help to understand, that terroristic speech is not protected under the First Amendment, and in particularRead More9/11 Essay on law1587 Words   |  7 PagesThe events surrounding the September 11 attacks on the United States of America have often been shrouded in a cloud of controversy and mystery, with no one individual seemingly able to apprehend the â€Å"true† details of the terror attack. Many proposed theories have been brought forth, the most widely accepted being that of co-ordinated attacks by terrorist organisation â€Å"Al-Qaeda†. â€Å"9/11†, as the event is commonly known, is simply one of many global terrorism attacks that have seemingly consumed theRead MorePublic Perception Of Muslim Americans1213 Words   |  5 Pages(Title) 9/11 is known as one of the most tragic events in the history of the United States. Since World War II, America had proven its superiority and had become a progressive and powerful country. The occurrence of a terrorism group entering the country, breeching security and killing several thousands of Americans took a toll on almost everyone. Not only was the safety of the public questioned, the nation’s security legitimacy was as well. Since 9/11, many debates on American policy have beenRead More is the worlds future a promise or a threat? Essay640 Words   |  3 Pageslonger strictly the realm of independent inventors was guided and financed by companies searching for new products. At the same time, technology became a part of everyday life, made the world a smaller place, and became a more important force in shaping European and world events. People in the 1890’s held expectations for the future. In 1939, the World Fair, called â€Å"The World of Tomorrow† was held in New York City. Flashes of genius by inventors working on their own birthed most of the dazzling discoveriesRead MoreThe Testimony Of Cofer Black1273 Words   |  6 Pagesprevent the 9/11 attacks. His testimony, paired with both concurring and clashing views from the 9/11 Commission Report, gave a persuasive ‘defense’ of the intelligence community’s actions and capabilities before September 11, 2001. Three of Black s ‘agreements’ were particularly influential towards my understanding. First, Black presented a strong argument that the inefficiency of counterterrorism had much to do with pre-9/11 domestic priorities, which left those involved with fighting terrorism, includingRead MorePros and Cons on the Patriot Act Essay730 Words   |  3 PagesUSA Patriot Act This Act may be cited as the Uniting and Strengthening America Act by providing appropriate tools required to intercept and obstruct terrorism. President Bush signed the Patriot Act on October 29, 2001. It passed and with no debate voted on; many members of congress did not fully read the act. Due to the anthrax scare many Congressman did not have access to their offices. Attorney General John Ashcroft silenced any debate by warning that anyone who contested the Act would be

Implications of Phone Hacking Scandal Free Essays

Implications Of Phone Hacking For The Media, The Government And Other Businesses In The UK Phone Hacking – Background * Phone hacking is an on-going controversy surrounding New Corporation, it’s subsidiary News International and its newspaper, News of the World. * Phone hacking reportedly begun in 1998, with the first allegations been made in 2006, and the first major investigation in 2011. * Over 4000 potential victims, including members of the Royal Family, the family of murdered schoolgirl Milly Dowler, Gerry and Kate McCann as well as celebrities like Hugh Grant. We will write a custom essay sample on Implications of Phone Hacking Scandal or any similar topic only for you Order Now Implications – The Media * News of the World closed down in July 2011 ending its 150 year existence. * YouGov poll found that 58% of British people have lost trust in the papers since the scandal. * TV and Radio have benefitted from the lack of trust in newspapers. * Leveson inquiry is likely to lead to much tighter regulation, with potential new legislation to enforce stricter controls in the long run. Implications – The Government * Government involvement with the press heavily scrutinised, particularly Andy Coulson and Jeremy Hunt. David Cameron were required to handle the phone hacking scandal and thus commissioned Lord Justice Leveson to run an inquiry. * The Leveson report, released last week found the press and wreaked ‘havoc with the lives of innocent people’. * Lord Leveson’s recommendations were for the Parliament to set up a strong, independent press regulator, cross party talks are now taking place to agree on the best way to regulate the industry and ensure freedom of the press still exists. Implications – Other Business * Not as directly implicated as the Government or the media. * Changes in security as companies and individuals are now more aware of the threat posed by hackers. * The News of the World employees charged and arrested has highlighted the importance of morals in conducting business activities. * The phone hacking scandal along with the global financial crisis have highlighted the need for accountability and transparency in all undertakings Concluding Remarks In the short term the onus is on the Government and press to create a new regulatory framework, potentially involving new legislation whilst protecting the freedom of the press. In the longer term the main implications will be the change in the way the press operates and the step changes made by other businesses in light of recent controversies. Opportunity For Deloitte: By demonstrating strong governance, transparency, professionalism and accountability Deloitte will be able to market themselves more attractively to new and existing clients. How to cite Implications of Phone Hacking Scandal, Essay examples

Antisemitism in chaucer free essay sample

The Canterbury Tales, a collection of stories by Geoffrey Chaucer, was written during the Middle Ages an unstable period in Western European history. The crises of the Late Middle Ages the Great Famine, the Black Death, the Hundred Years War, and the Peasants Revolt (Goldsmith 417) led to drastic societal change and social mobility. Chaucer creates controversial religious fgures such as the Summoner, Pardoner, Friar, Monk and Prioress as a commentary on, and means to demonstrate, the change and conflicts in English life, and specifically in the Church at that time. One of the most interesting portions of Chaucers The Canterbury Tales is the Prioresss Tale. The hypocrisy of this character and the blatant anti-Semitism apparent throughout her Tale are used by Chaucer to demonstrate his views on Englands social upheaval. However, although Chaucer was certainly influenced by the political events of this era, the anti-Semitism in the Prioresss Tale appears to be a tool that he uses to highlight the incongruity of the Prioresss behavior, and thereby provide a lesson to the readers, rather than a reflection of his personal view owards the Jews. The Prioress tells a tale of a seven-year-old Christian boy returning home from school through a Jewish ghetto in an Asian town. The childs journey through the ghetto is perceptibly troublesome as the Medieval stance towards Jews is oppressive. As the boy walks home singing Alma Redemptoris Mater, a Marian hymn, Satan says: O Hebraik peple, allas! Is this to yow a thing that is honest, that swich a boy shal walken as him lest in you despyt, and singe of swich sentence, which is agayn your laws reverence? (Chaucer line 73-77). Satan convinces the Jews to hunt this innocent out of this world (79) and the Jews of the ghetto hire a murderer to brutally kitte his throte, and in a pit him caste (84). However, as the childs mother searches for her son in the ghetto, the Jews deny knowledge of the childs location and are ultimately hanged. The anti-Semitism evident in the Tale stems from what Lawrence Besserman refers to as the popularly held Christian belief (67) of the blood libels or blood accusations the allegation that Jews murder non-Jews, especially Christians, in order to obtain blood for the Passover or other ituals which date back to the second century (Blood Libel 1120). Chaucer uses the Tale to reflect upon the blood libels that were ubiquitous during the Middle Ages, beginning with the first medieval blood libel of 1144. The obvious and abrasive relationship to the blood libel stories leads Besserman to deem the Prioresss Tale one of the most controversial pieces of religious fiction ever written (57). Albert B. Friedman argues, however, that the Tale is not actually a representation of the blood libels, for the Christian boy is not crucified ceremonially nor is he killed to provide lood for Passover bread, as the libels suggest. Rather, Friedman states, he is killed merely because the devil puts it into certain Jews hearts to resent the praise of the Virgin which he sings as he passes through the Jews street going to and from school (118). While Friedman states a valid point, the Tale still reads as a representation of a blood libel because at the end of the Tale, the Prioress links her martyr witn yonge Hugh ot Lincoln, slayn also witn cursed Jewes (Chaucer 197-198) an English boy whom Gillian Bennett recognizes as the subject of a medieval blood libel in 1255 (263-4). Although the phrase anti-Semitism was only coined in 1879, a phrase that came into general use as a term denoting all forms of hostility manifested toward the Jews throughout history (anti-Semitism 99), the concept and this form of prejudice has evidently been around for centuries. Jews appeared in Western Europe from the beginning of the Christian Era; until the Middle Ages no sign of singular animosity toward them was discernable (anti- Semitism 101). Prior to their expulsion from England, the Jews were granted religious freedom under the rule of Henry I and the chief Rabbi of London, Rabbi Joseph. However, shortly after Henrys reign, the Jews were faced with a time of insecurity and brutality. To demonstrate the blatant anti-Semitism during this period, Friedman states, for every religious who protected a Jew there were hundreds who directed the swords and fanned the fires of destruction (122). Friedman portrays the image of the medieval Church as sheltered [in] an extremely strong tradition of anti- Semitism for anti-Semitism was written into the Churchs services (122), consequently instilling the value of anti-Semitism in almost every Christian during his time. The First Crusade in 1096 triggered a stream of heavy violence against the Jews. The attacks on Jewish communities in France and Germany were so severe that Jewish women often opted to kill their own children rather than watch them get forced into conversion or brutally murdered. Furthermore, to make the Jews conspicuous, the Fourth Lateran Council required Jews to wear a distinguishing mark either a hat or a patch to halt any possible intimate relationships between Christians and Jews. This illiberal proscription eventually led to the widespread, anti- Semitic notion that Jews were physically different from all other humans, the belief that Jews had tails and horns obvious attributes of the devil (anti-Semitism 102). As anti-Semitism increased with the reign of Edward l, the Jews were expelled in 1290 (Zitter 278) under the Edict of Expulsion, under which all Jews were evicted from England until their return almost four hundred years later. Besserman accurately recognizes that there were no, or hardly any, Jews in England at the time Chaucer was writing The Canterbury Tales in the late 1380s (66). It therefore seems unlikely hat he would be openly anti-Semitic for any reason other than tradition. However, Friedman points out that one need not meet a Jew to be anti-Semitic. Both Emmy Stark Zitter and Besserman also acknowledge the hostile attitude towards the Jews in England. Zitter claims that not only were readers in the Middle Ages steeped in literary and religious tradition of anti-Semitism, but anti-Semitism was accepted as a given of the culture in which Chaucer lived as well (277). Therefore, Besserman adds, anti-Semitism must have been something which Chaucer as a man of his culture would have accepted without question (57). Friedman concludes that it is foolish to expect Chaucer in 1390 to show egregious charity toward the Jews when such broadmindedness was even impossible for Pascal 250 years later (120). The relevance of the anti-Semitism mentioned throughout the Tale must, therefore, be considered a product of its time; Chaucer writes of the anti-Semitism not to be outwardly anti-Semitic, but in part because it was simply the norm and unproblematic for him to do so. Furthermore, it may be argued that Chaucers anti- Semitic tone is meant to be innocuous to demonstrate the hypocrisy and irony ot the Prioress, and that by no means is it intended as an attack on the Jews of the Middle Ages. Zitter explains that the Jews were used solely as conventional figures (278); as anti-Semitism was accepted during this time, it allowed for Chaucer to use the Jews and the accompanying anti-Semitism simply as tools to enable the focus to be placed on the Prioress to highlight her mendacity. Friedman quotes E. T. Donaldson, who states, Chaucer, an intelligent man and great poet, is in no way limited, but rather it is the narrowly limited Prioress who can find no better way of expressing her eligion than this (120). Friedman then elaborates on this point by explaining if one is bent on removing the stain of anti-Semitism from Chaucer, the obvious strategy is to displace it onto the Prioress. The dramatic principle on which The Canterbury Tales is constructed conveniently sanctions this move, for since the poem is a dramatic action, the attitudes of the dramatis personae and the multiple auctorial personae cannot be automatically construed as Chaucers own (120). The reader should not assume that the anti-Semitism is Chaucers own belief. Rather, it is the orruption of the Church and the disorder of society at that time an underlying theme throughout The Canterbury Tales that allow for Chaucer to use an anti- Semitic lens to delineate the Prioresss hypocrisy. The Prioress, an ordained influential and seemingly pious Christian figure, strays from her traditional role as a nun. The General Prologue describes the various things the Prioress does to seem admirable and proper. Although she is said to be charitable, attractive, and have proper etiquette all positive attributes the Prioress is specifically described by uperficial displays of knowledge. In addition to recognizing her ability to speak French, Chaucer describes how the Prioress leet no morsel from hir lippes falle, ne wette hir fingres in hir sauce depe, acknowledging her pleasant table manners (General Prologue 127-8) irrelevant to her status as a nun. Additionally, she feeds her dog meat, uses foul language, and wears a brooch that reads Love Conquers All most likely referring to courtly love, a love of which a nun should not know. She is portrayed by her surfaced knowledge, rather than by her knowledge and activity of religious duties. As a devout Christian, the Prioress does honor Mary, a Jewish Israelite woman, yet she also participates in the medieval condemnation and hatred of the Jews. For this reason, Chaucer uses the Prioress as one example to demonstrate the corrupt Church during the Medieval Era. In contrast to all that was previously stated, several critics believe Chaucers controversial nature and use of anti-Semitism in his work was by all means intentional. Besserman suggests, our disparate ideological prejudices influence our critical practice once we have acknowledged that ideological commitments of one sort or another are always to ome extent part of the baggage we bring to our readings of works of literature, we can then decide to choose our ideological commitments, make them explicit, and perhaps even share them with an expanding community of like-minded readers (48). In essence, according to this line of thought, Chaucer made a decision to overtly bring in anti-Semitism, whether it was a cultural norm or not, and in doing so, he participated in the unmaking of the voice of the Jew (Besserman 58). Regardless of Chaucers intentions, whatever they may be, Besserman seems to suggest that the resence of the Tales anti-Semitism contributed to the detestation of the Jews and this may place Chaucer among the medieval anti-Semites. Another argument made by Besserman is that the Old Testament is full of loathing and many medieval Jewish writings openly express abomination for the foreigner and militancy against the enemy (61). Besserman expresses that Judaic culture has not been one free from violence, and therefore, it is not wholly unjust to assume that the Tale is accurate. However, in terms of The Prioresss Tale, this notion is negated, as Louise Fradenburg explains, by the fact that there is no evidence to suggest that Jews are engaged, in the Middle Ages in the kinds of ritual or secret violence attributed to them by stories ilk The Prioresss Tale (110-11). Additionally, Merrall Llewelyn Price argues that the Prioress serves as a framing device that has allowed some of Chaucers defenders to find enough authorial irony to clear him of charges of anti- Semitism (197). Price finds it almost coincidental that Chaucer is able to project his personal view of anti-Semitism on the Prioress. In conjunction with Prices ideology, erhaps Chaucer created religious figures that deviate from what was traditionally expected in order to demonstrate such bold opinions. According to Price, Chaucer is, in a sense, playing with ideas of narratorial responsibility and effectively disclaiming responsibility for [the Prioresss] entire narrative by shifting the responsibility onto the Prioress herself (205). Because the Jews were inevitably cast as the most insidious enemies of Christianity, Friedman believes, the Tale could not help but keep alive the hatred of Jews (127). Zitter begs the question: if Chaucer was nly drawing upon the popular medieval conception of Jews in his tale, is the reader meant to see the Prioress as an ideal nun or is the Prioress a rather imperfect nun telling a perfectly acceptable tale (278)? Zitter ultimately responds to this complexity by stating that the Prioresss treatment of the Jews still adjudges her to be undoubtedly guilty as seen through medieval eyes and on her unchristian demand for adherence to the law (278). Whether anti-Semitism was a cultural norm and accepted during the Medieval Era or not, a nun is meant to be pious and loving. Therefore, Besserman concludes, Chaucer was out to problematize an affirmative reading of the Prioresss piety (66). The anti-Semitism emphasizes the Prioresss hypocrisy. What is most complicated about this Tale is that the modern reader will view it through a post-Holocaust lens, automatically grasping and recognizing a harsh anti-Semitic tone. The Tale is certainly, as Friedman states, what seems to modern eyes a terrible prejudice as we are now fully aware and conscious of its anti-Semitism (119). However, a reader in the time of Chaucer or even pre- Holocaust and pre-anti-semitism days would be most likely to believe that the egative sentiment towards the Jews was simply of medieval nature and was not necessarily intended as a form of prejudice.

The Low Cost Airline Air Arabia Tourism Essay Example

The Low Cost Airline Air Arabia Tourism Essay Air Arabia is one of the low cost air hoses of UAE, based in Sharjah. It soon is runing in more than 45 finishs consisting of major metropoliss in south-east Asia, Middle-East and few parts of cardinal Asia and Africa. Air Arabia is besides registered in AACO or Arab Air Carriers Organization In the recent old ages the menace due to its replacement rivals was about nullified. They stood nowhere in forepart of Air Arabia but there had been a changeless menace from the approaching new rivals. Though the new rivals were non plenty to dispute Air Arabia, there was still some sort of menace because the Numberss of such rivals were increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. In UAE ab initio there were many air service suppliers, but in the recent times Air Arabia has proved to be the most effectual one compared to its old rivals. With the increasing oil monetary values the rivals of Air Arabia increased their monetary values, but Air Arabia kept its low budget menus in order to derive more and more public support at the cost of impermanent loss or small fringy addition. We will write a custom essay sample on The Low Cost Airline Air Arabia Tourism specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on The Low Cost Airline Air Arabia Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on The Low Cost Airline Air Arabia Tourism specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer The low cost bearers are so effectual that they helped Air Arabia win Merit Award for CAPA Low Cost Airline of the Year 2006 and the World Airline Award for Best Low-cost Airline in the Middle East in 2007. The biggest menace that Air Arabia has is from its rivals. The ground for the same is that one time a company gets a comment of dissatisfying its clients by non making as advertised, the rivals take advantage. Key schemes include: Entering in new sections and therefore taking dependence on scorch section ( low cost bearer ) . Arranging financess to purchase more financess. Balancing between increasing rising prices and commanding the monetary values of the tickets. Geting new and little air hoses for faster enlargement. Geting listed at new airdromes and get downing operation in new topographic points. Supporting authorities s Emiritization scheme to acquire more federal support. Talking about the execution of schemes, for increasing its selling dimension, the company has invested over DH one million in footings of Ads, both online and print media. This would ensue in a long term net income for the company, though it s rather a heavy sum on the footing of company s current scenario. More includes: International flight linking Abu Dhabi to more than 45 international finishs in USA, Indian subcontinent etc. Air Arabia carried over 4.6 million riders, an augment of about 65.8 % over in 2006. ( Lowcostairlinesworld, 2009 ) Along with this, it besides griped 175,000 dozenss of cargo in 2007, which is an addition of over 75 % than the twelvemonth 2006. Introduction: Air Arabia is one of the low cost air hoses of UAE, based in Sharjah. It soon is runing in more than 45 finishs consisting of major metropoliss in south-east Asia, Middle-East and few parts of cardinal Asia and Africa. Air Arabia is besides registered in AACO or Arab Air Carriers Organization . It was the first low-fare organisation in the Middle-East, started on 3rd February in the twelvemonth 2003. It offers about 40 % less monetary value than the other air hoses. The chief base of the air hose is Sharjah. In 2007 it was the first to offer public 55 % of its stock. It fundamentally aims at pulling the people. After its foundation it kept on distributing in services. For the clip in 2008 it had to endorse out from the Nepal part due to some unsure political and economic issues. It has collaborated with many other air hoses in many parts of the universe. Vision: The ultimate end of the company is to place itself at the top of all the Low-fare air hoses in UAE and in Gulf. The cardinal characteristics of Vision of the company are as follows: aˆ? Expanding its aircraft scope aˆ? To supply service on more figure of paths aˆ? To heighten efficiency of operations aˆ? And to increase its gross keeping a low and simple construction of low air-fare industry. Mission: The company s mission includes edifice and making multi-functional squad, addition gross and offering a value for money services in the part. The ultimate mission is to convey a revolution in the fear industry by new and advanced corporate criterions. Industry background: The air hoses industry of UAE is huge if we look at the figure of service suppliers. There are figure of low cost air hoses. National air hoses of UAE other than air Arabia include Gulf Air, Emirates and Etihad. Gulf air was started long ago in 1950. It provides a figure of installations to its users. First it has provided many onboard installations to kids below the age of 12. For the concern related people it provides the BBC universe intelligence. It besides provides separate dinning for the riders. It is treated as a standard national flight for most of the intents. Emirates air hoses were introduced after Gulf Air in 1985. It is besides considered as a national flight. It has won several awards for its services. This air hose consists of many air planes both for public and private issues. Etihad is the most recent one and was introduced after air Arabia in the same twelvemonth. It had besides become rather popular but could non vie with Air Arabia on low cost. A Kam air menu is besides considered as one of the low cost air hoses in UAE. Among all the bing national air hoses boulder clay day of the month Air Arabia is considered to be the cheapest 1. It is non considered to be a flight with the best installation on board but of class it offers a inexpensive menu t its clients. The installations provided by these national air hoses to their clients vary from each other. All these air hoses greatly contribute to the national economic system of UAE. Statement of job: In this study, we will speak about the cardinal schemes of Air Arabia, surrogate schemes available, execution, and SWOT, PEST and rival analysis of Air Arabia. For this concern, an interview with a director of the company is organized. The Manager stated that Air Arabia is making well good in its sphere which is soon concentrated to low cost air hose section. For long term position, the company is taking to come in in more sections than this alone. There are figure of strategic jobs the company is confronting. These are: Entering in new sections and therefore taking dependence on scorch section ( low cost bearer ) . Arranging financess to purchase more financess. Balancing between increasing rising prices and commanding the monetary values of the tickets. Geting new and little air hoses for faster enlargement. Geting listed at new airdromes and get downing operation in new topographic points. Supporting authorities s Emiritization scheme to acquire more federal support. Analysis: Environmental or Industrial Analysis: Air Arabia believes in supplying a superior and cost efficient life support system by presenting advanced installations and more handiness to derive client satisfaction. It aims to be a company that has value and importance based on sort of services it provides. The organisation has certain ethical motives when it comes to staffing and squad work, keeping client relationship, honestness, truthfulness, and flexibleness are that satisfy the evidences. The clients of the Air industry are in all signifiers. The aircrafts are used for the security of states and so travel to the authorities. Then importers and exporters of the market that import goods from every bit little as veggies to autos. So in bend we besides are utilizing these services. They are used for the people to go. The aircrafts are the bulk signifier of transit in the recent times. Porter s five forces analysis The menace of utility rivals: In the recent old ages the menace due to its replacement rivals was about nullified. They stood nowhere in forepart of Air Arabia. The other replacements kept on worsening and the company Air Arabia kept on bettering speaking in footings of net income in the market. The other companies could non offer such a low menus as compared to Air Arabia whose menus were singular. The menace of the entry of new rivals There had been a changeless menace from the approaching new rivals. Every now and so many new companies were launched along with the bing 1s. They all tried to fit up to the degree of Air Arabia but finally failed to go on on a long tally. They met with immense loss and finally ended up in increasing the cost. All these rivals tried to copy Air Arabia based on service it provides, but they failed to modulate them on a regular footing based on public satisfaction and demand. The strength of competitory competition Though Air Arabia continued to rule the market in the recent old ages, it had non been an easy occupation. It ever had to maintain itself watchful and altering. Though the new rivals were non plenty to dispute Air Arabia, there was still some sort of menace because the Numberss of such rivals were increasing twenty-four hours by twenty-four hours. Air Arabia had to maintain a study of the predominating market conditions and take safe determinations to maintain traveling. Marketing facet of the company became important in keeping the market place. The bargaining power of clients Sing the bargaining power in instance of Air Arabia is a mere thing if we compare it with the installations it provides and the deficiency of able rivals. Peoples were non much into bargaining because Air Arabia had been the best available among all the others. However, in times of strong competition by some new challengers there had been some sort of bargaining by the clients, which was gracefully accepted for that period. The bargaining power of providers Suppliers in this instance refer to the stock holders of the company. They besides got a immense price reduction on available stocks. Besides the sum of available public stocks was well increased. They besides get a good sum of one-year dividend. Besides due to enlargement of their concern the stock holders made a immense net income. Rival Analysis: In UAE ab initio there were many air service suppliers, but in the recent times Air Arabia has proved to be the most effectual one compared to its old rivals. With the increasing oil monetary values the rivals of Air Arabia increased their monetary values, but Air Arabia kept its low budget menus in order to derive more and more public support at the cost of impermanent loss or small fringy addition. This was really important in giving Air Arabia a place rather different from others. Among all the bing national air hoses boulder clay day of the month Air Arabia is considered to be the cheapest 1. It is non considered to be a flight with the best installation on board but of class it offers a inexpensive menu t its clients. The installations provided by these national air hoses to their clients vary from each other. All these air hoses greatly contribute to the national economic system of UAE. SWOT Analysis: Strengths Sing the instance of Air Arabia, the low cost menu plays a important function in deriving the public involvement. The low cost bearers are so effectual that they helped Air Arabia win Merit Award for CAPA Low Cost Airline of the Year 2006 and the World Airline Award for Best Low-cost Airline in the Middle East in 2007.A With the increasing substructure, high regional GDP and a immense demand in assorted parts, air travels are lending to the success of low cost bearers in UAE. The ground for Air Arabia being so popular among all the parts of the universe is its award winning schemes. These awards add a great trade in their selling scheme which helps to bag future success. Air Arabia has been able to publicize its concern in the undermentioned ways: Travel bureau committees stopped Removal of interline, code-share relationships Use of secondary or alternate metropolis airdromes ( Eyefortravel, 2008 ) A As a figure of people have begun to experience the same, it is surely a positive facet of advertisement for Air Arabia. Failing The greatest failing that most of the air hoses companies are confronting presents is that they have non been able to populate up to their outlooks. On many occasions, Air Arabia has agreed on certain winging to certain finishs but it has non lived up to it. One such concern is that when the air hose company promised to wing to some of the most restricted finishs in the universe, it could non do it to Cairo as it most extremely expected by the tourers and other regular riders. So, as the advertizement said they did non book their expensive tickets through different air hose companies but at the same clip did non acquire the chance to go at all. Some of the major accoutrements as expected by the riders in Air Arabia in malice of its low cost are as follows: Amenity Kits Air Sickness Bags In-flight socks Eye sunglassess Blankets Headsets Opportunities High GDP Growth Ratess: Petroleum extraction and refinement operations have been on an all clip high in the UAE in the past few old ages. This has helped in the encouragement of the economic system of UAE. Air Arabia can take advantage of this fact and can assist do the usage of its low cost bearers more outstanding. A Positive Demographics: The per centum of young person ( under 30 old ages ) in the UAE is 64 % . This will supply a high in the hereafter market as liberalisation opens market even to air travel. It is one of the of import factors for Air Arabia to choose its aiming scheme. Strong Tourism: The energy and entrepreneurial spirit of the middle-east part is pulling touristry and concern traffic in its ain right. Ad can be done with all the touristry companies so as to do the circuit extremely low-cost for the tourers. Menaces The biggest menace that Air Arabia has is from its rivals. The ground for the same is that one time a company gets a comment of dissatisfying its clients by non making as advertised, the rivals take advantage. The other ground of menace for Air Arabia is that all the freshly unifying air hose companies are in a fling to capture the market by doing a strong repute. Once they come up with monetary value menus lesser than Air Arabia so even the best of advertisement would neglect. Company s public presentation: Air Arabia is one of the low cost air hoses of UAE, based in Sharjah. It soon is runing in more than 45 finishs consisting of major metropoliss in south-east Asia, Middle-East and few parts of cardinal Asia and Africa. Air Arabia is besides registered in AACO or Arab Air Carriers Organization . The company s mission includes edifice and making multi-functional squad, addition gross and offering a value for money services in the part. It was the first low-fare organisation in the Middle-East, started on 3rd February in the twelvemonth 2003. It offers about 40 % less monetary value than the other air hoses. The chief base of the air hose is Sharjah. In 2007 it was the first to offer public 55 % of its stock. It fundamentally aims at pulling the people. After its foundation it kept on distributing in services. For the clip in 2008 it had to endorse out from the Nepal part due to some unsure political and economic issues. It has collaborated with many other air hoses in many parts of t he universe. ( Ameinfo, 2009 ) Cardinal Schemes: A cardinal strategic issue includes: Entering in new sections and therefore taking dependence on scorch section ( low cost bearer ) . Arranging financess to purchase more financess. Balancing between increasing rising prices and commanding the monetary values of the tickets. Geting new and little air hoses for faster enlargement. Geting listed at new airdromes and get downing operation in new topographic points. Supporting authorities s Emiritization scheme to acquire more federal support. The company is seeking to present low cost flights so that more and more people avail them. There are fundamentally aiming on two countries. First of all they are cut downing some unneeded installations on short clip journeys. Removing these installations based on such a low cost barely affects public involvement. Second, they are seeking to cut down the carnival on some paths and at the same clip increasing the figure of flights on these paths. This means deriving public involvement and support based on low fringy net income. Other than offering inducements to its clients it besides offers heavy dividend and price reductions to stock holders. It was the first flight to supply so much of discount to its clients and stock holders. It keeps on increasing the installations offered in order to maintain the involvement maintained. ( Ameinfo, 2009 ) Air Arabia has late expanded its aircraft ranges. It has tried to spread out the concern in by presenting new paths in many parts of the part. There are more and figure of aircrafts in the parts where there were less no of aircrafts. Now the flights are available more often in some paths based on sum of net income made in the bing paths. In order to increase the value of its stocks in the market, the company has released more no of stocks to the populace with price reductions. The schemes, the growing and the hereafter programs offered by Air Arabia are sufficient to pull more and more stock holders which finally lead to enlargement in footings to money, power and public support. It has besides appeared on many other stock lists and minutess are besides about to get down. ( Eyefortravel, 2008 ) The company had been really peculiar in make up ones minding the cost of conveyance. It kept in head the rise and the falling monetary values of oil and other equipments, straight or indirectly related to their concern. In other words, they maintained a complete study of the predominating market. With the addition in the fuel monetary values many air hoses companies increased their monetary values and frailty versa. There are other schemes which were used for selling at fiscal degree. The company has gained a batch from them. The net income border has increased by 40 % in the recent old ages and there are still opportunities of farther addition. These all schemes have proved fruitful both for the company and the company stock holders which are straight or indirectly related to the company. The company has been able to keep up to the outlooks of its employees and its clients. Air Arabia greatly contributes in the UAE economic system. Recently it got an blessing to look on Dubai fiscal list. The Air Arabia is traveling to look on stock list of Dubai fiscal market and trading it will be started in few yearss. The manner Air Arabia is utilizing the budget and the manner it is using the schemes it is believed that in the clip to come if there is a slow economic system advancement, Air Arabia entirely can manage it. Strategic Options: Some schemes of Air Arabia for future few old ages are as follows: Expanding its aircraft scope: One of import restraint in company s enlargement program is the limited figure of lading and rider planes available to the company. The company will put periodic orders for new aircrafts to back up its enlargements programs. To supply service on more figure of paths: The company would wish to function in European states and other untasted finishs in North and South America. The enlargement will give a huge increase in company s present market size. To heighten efficiency of operations: As a long term scheme, the company would wish to implement TQM schemes in its operations. Increase its gross keeping high and choice construction of epicurean aircraft industry Another one is Emiritization and promotion of UAE people. The company has a figure of programs in this way with long term involvement which are mentioned as follows: UAE National Cadet Pilots Training or UNCPT The company invites aspirers who what to go a pilot with a statement like We are giving wings to your dreams . Its pilot preparation plan is one of the finest in the state. The company states that as the public Airline of the United Arab Emirate, it has an huge vision. To see farther Emiratis taking their right place as pilots in lone of the fastest mounting air hoses on the planet. UAE National Graduate Entry Management Plan The public air hose of the UAE, Air Arabia, is puting in its mentality and would accordingly like to pass in people by giving them the opportunity to be 1 of the privileged pupils chosen to fall in its UNGEM plan. It states that by this plan, alumnuss will develop hardy leading abilities and organize a aggregation of professionals who are organized to run into rapidly spread outing and developing leading wants in assorted subdivisions within the company. ( Eyefortravel, 2008 ) Enhancing the lading bearer s flights: As shown from the part of net income from the lading and client units, the lading unit contributes around 65 % of the company s turnover, which depict the clear laterality of lading unit over the client unit in footings of net income. The company would wish to use this religion of people in Air Arabia s lading unit to derive extra market portion. Therefore as an enlargement program for lading unit, the company is telling more portion of lading planes as compared to that of rider planes. Cleavage and targeting: The Company had divided the consumer market into assorted sections based on income and profession. The section which appears to be the centre of consideration for the company is those of high gaining boniness people who need to go systematically and comfortably. Positioning: It s really consumer s perceptual experience about the service. Royal Jet, from the beginning has tried to set up as a symbol for a inexpensive but dependable air traffic concern spouse. Execution: Air Arabia greatly contributes in the UAE economic system. Recently it got an blessing to look on Dubai fiscal list. The Air Arabia is traveling to look on stock list of Dubai fiscal market and trading it will be started in few yearss. It has already started offering discounts on stocks to its clients. The national economic system of UAE is traveling to be benefited by the sort of schemes being forwarded by Air Arabia. Not merely are they traveling to hold a immense concern but besides a immense investing in the stocks by the common people. The market is traveling to be greatly affected. Many new services are being started. The UAE authorities believes that Air Arabia can alone increase the UAE economic system from traveling down. It has now met with 32 % net income which is the highest of all time in the recent old ages. For increasing its selling dimension, the company has invested over DH one million in footings of Ads, both online and print media. This would ensue in a long term net income for the company, though it s rather a heavy sum on the footing of company s current scenario. ( Arabia, 2009 ) Use of engineering: The Company has late brought 7 new aircrafts with increased capacities and progress engineering. As the company is still really new, about all of the aircrafts are in good status. Talking about other technological diffusion parametric quantities, the company has late brought a SAP system which is an adept system from Sap international. This expert system is Artificial Intelligence based and works on cognition representation instead than informations use, therefore is extremely proficient and progress. The operation unit exploits the SAP system to expeditiously supervise the assorted facets and stock list components. The company besides has an on-line terminus to book tickets and offers assorted programs in flights harmonizing to client demands. International flight linking Abu Dhabi to more than 45 international finishs in USA, Indian subcontinent etc. Air Arabia carried over 4.6 million riders, an augment of about 65.8 % over in 2006. Along with this, it besides griped 175,000 dozenss of cargo in 2007, which is an addition of over 75 % than the twelvemonth 2006. ( Ameinfo, 2009 ) Air Arabia owns complete portion is its two subordinates, Air Arabia Holidays, a travel group and vehicle rental company and Air Arabia Crystal Cargo , which provides cargo managing services. Air Arabia had a 24 hr aid line for its clients. Air Arabia besides provides cordial reception services by supplying impermanent adjustment in hotels. ( Arabia, 2009 ) The Air Arabia owned a group of 37 traveller and lading aeroplanes, as depicted by the information of January 2008 and it program is to increase its aircraft group to 300 by the twelvemonth 2020. Air Arabia is besides be aftering to wing over 25 million clients per twelvemonth by 2020 and to twofold the figure of metropolitans served from 50 to do it near 100. Market cleavage: Soon the market is segmented on the footing of income and going frequence of the people. It consequences in coevals of sections like high concern category consumers, consumers going excessively frequently but using less, touristry based consumers ( non fixed ) etc. Apart from these sections, a assortment of new sections can be created like low-spending domestic category, chiefly for touristry. As illustration of this section can be India s turning domestic air power market which depends small disbursement but big sized section. Talking about the rival s engagement in these sections, Etihad is a large participant of inexpensive flights sections along with Easy jet. Some other like Palm operates in multiple sections. Some rivals are head to head challenger of Air Arabia in Luxury market like Sky jets etc. Thus the rivals are widely spread in these sections. Mentions: Ameinfo ( 2009 ) , Air Arabia selling squad takes centre phase , retrieved on 1st November, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.ameinfo.com/29672.html Eyefortravel ( 2008 ) , Air Arabia plans enlargement , retrieved on 1st November, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.eyefortravel.com/news/middle-east/air-arabia-plans-expansionddle-east/air-arabia-plans-expansion Lowcostairlinesworld ( 2009 ) , Invention and chance for traditional and low cost bearers and investors , retrieved on 31st October from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.lowcostairlinesworld.com/sg/programme.stm Air Arabia ( 2009 ) , Know us , retrieved on 1st November, from hypertext transfer protocol: //www.airarabia.com/crp_1/know-more

Biography of Architect Norma Merrick Sklarek

Biography of Architect Norma Merrick Sklarek Architect Norma Merrick Sklarek (born April 15, 1926 in Harlem, New York) worked behind the scenes on some of the largest architectural projects in America. Notable in architectural history as the first Black American woman registered architect in New York and California, Sklarek was also the first Black woman to be elected to the prestigious Fellow of the American Institute of Architects (FAIA). In addition to being the production architect for many high-profile Gruen and Associates projects, Sklarek became a role model to many young women entering the male-dominated architecture profession. Sklareks legacy as a mentor is profound. Because of the disparities she faced in her life and career, Norma Merrick Sklarek could be sympathetic to the struggles of others. She led with her charm, grace, wisdom, and hard work. She never excused racism and sexism but gave others the strength to deal with adversities. Architect Roberta Washington has called Sklarek the reigning mother hen to us all. Others have called her The Rosa Parks of Architecture. Fast Facts: Norma Sklarek Occupation: Architect  Ã‚  Ã‚  Also Known as: Norma Merrick Sklarek, Norma Merrick Fairweather, Norma MerrickBorn: April 15, 1926 in Harlem, New YorkDied: February 6, 2012 in Los Angeles, CaliforniaEducation: B.Arch. from Columbia University’s School of Architecture (1950)Architecture with Cesar Pelli: San Bernardino City Hall (1972) ; Columbus Courthouse Center in Indiana (1973); Pacific Design Center in California (1975); The U.S. Embassy in Tokyo, Japan (1978)Key Accomplishments: As a Black female, Sklarek became a well-respected project director and educator within the white male dominated field of architecture.Fun Fact: Sklarek been called The Rosa Parks of Architecture East Coast Years Norma Merrick was born to West Indian parents who had moved to Harlem, New York. Sklareks father, a doctor, encouraged her to excel in school and to seek a career in a field not normally open to females or to Americans of color. She attended Hunter High School, an all-girls magnate school, and Barnard College, a womans college associated with Columbia University, which did not accept women students at the time. In 1950 she earned a Bachelor of Architecture degree. After receiving her degree, Norma Merrick was unable to find work at an architecture firm. After being rejected by dozens of firms, she took a job at the New York Department of Public Works. While working there from  1950 to 1954 she studied for and passed the grueling, week-long series of tests to become a licensed architect in New York State - on her first try. She was then in a better position to join the large New York office of Skidmore, Owings Merrill (SOM), working there from 1955 until 1960. Ten years after earning her architecture degree, she decided to move to the West coast. West Coast Years It was Sklareks long association with Gruen and Associates in Los Angeles, California where she made her name within the architecture community. From 1960 until 1980 she used both her architectural expertise and her project management skills to realize the many multi-million dollar projects of the large Gruen firm - becoming the firms first female director in 1966. Sklareks race and sex often were marketing detriments at the time of her employment with major architectural firms. When she was a director at Gruen Associates, Sklarek collaborated with Argentina-born Cà ©sar Pelli on a number of projects. Pelli was Gruens Design Partner from 1968 to 1976, which associated his name with new buildings. As Production Director, Skarek had immense responsibilities but was rarely acknowledged on the finished project. Only the U.S. Embassy in Japan has acknowledged Sklareks contributions - the Embassy website stated that The building was designed by Cà ©sar Pelli and Norma Merrick Sklarek of Gruen Associates of Los Angeles and constructed by Obayashi Corporation, as straightforward and matter-of-fact as Sklarek herself. After 20 years with Gruen, Sklarek left and from 1980 until 1985 became Vice President at Welton Becket Associates in Santa Monica, California. While there, she directed the construction of Terminal One at Los Angeles International Airport (LAX), which opened in time for the 1984 summer Olympic games in Los Angeles. In 1985 she left Welton Becket to establish Siegel, Sklarek, Diamond, an all-woman partnership with Margot Siegel and Katherine Diamond. Sklarek is said to have missed working on the large, complicated projects of previous positions, and so she finished her professional career as Principal at the Jerde Partnership in Venice, California from 1989 until her retirement in 1992. Marriages Born Norma Merrick, she was married three times. She is also known as Norma Merrick Fairweather, and her two sons are Fairweathers. Sklarek was the name of Norma Merricks second husband, architect Rolf Sklarek, whom she married in 1967. It becomes understandable why professional women often keep their birth names, as Merrick changed her name again in 1985 when she married Dr. Cornelius Welch, her husband at the time of her death. Quote In architecture, I had absolutely no role model. Im happy today to be a role model for others that follow. Death Norma Sklarek died of heart failure at her home on February 6, 2012. She lived with her third husband in Pacific Palisades, an affluent residential area of Los Angeles, California. Legacy Sklareks life has been filled with many firsts. She was the first Black woman to be licensed as an architect in New York (1954) and in California (1962). In 1959, Sklarek became the first Black woman to become a member of the American architects national professional organization, the American Institute of Architects (AIA). In 1980, she was the first woman to be elected a Fellow of the AIA (FAIA). Its notable that in 1923 Paul Revere Williams became the first Black architect to become a member of the AIA, and he rose to become a Fellow in 1957. In 1985, Norma Sklarek helped establish and managed the California firm Siegel, Sklarek, Diamond, one of the first woman-owned and operated architectural firm. Norma Merrick Sklarek collaborated with design architects to transform building ideas from paper to architectural realities. Design architects usually receive all the credit for a building, but just as important is the production architect who sees the project to completion. Austrian-born Victor Gruen has long been credited with inventing the American shopping mall, but Sklarek was ready to carry out the plans, making changes when necessary and solving design problems in real time. Sklareks most significant project collaborations include City Hall in San Bernardino, California, Fox Plaza in San Francisco, California, the original Terminal One at the Los Angeles International Airport (LAX) in California, Commons - Courthouse Center in Columbus, Indiana, the Blue Whale of the Pacific Design Center in Los Angeles, the U.S. Embassy in Tokyo, Japan, Leo Baeck Temple in Los Angeles, and the Mall of America in Minneapolis, Minnesota. As a Black American architect, Norma Sklarek more than survived in a difficult profession - she thrived. Raised during Americas Great Depression, Norma Merrick developed an intelligence and tenacity of spirit that became an influence to many others in her field. She proved that the architecture profession has a place for anyone willing to persist at doing good work. Sources AIA Audio Interiew: Norma Merrick Sklarek. aia.org/akr/Resources/Audio/AIAP037892?dvidrecspecAIAP037892Bellows, Layla. Norma Sklarek, FAIA: A Litany of Firsts that Defined a Career, and a Legacy. AIA Architect. aia.org/practicing/AIAB093149Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation. Norma Merrick Sklarek.  bwaf.org/dna/archive/entry/norma-merrick-sklarekBWAF Staff. Roberta Washington, FAIA, Makes A Place, Beverly Willis Architecture Foundation, February 09, 2012. bwaf.org/roberta-washington-faia-makes-a-place/National Visionary Leadership Project. Norma Sklarek: National Visionary. visionaryproject.org/sklareknorma/U.S. Department of State. Embassy of the United States, Tokyo, Japan. http://aboutusa.japan.usembassy.gov/e/jusa-usj-embassy.html

Underdevelopment in Africa Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Underdevelopment in Africa - Essay Example Underdevelopment in Africa Africa suffers persistent underdevelopment. Waiting 120 years, however, is hardly a feasible option. A solution is needed but solutions are dependant upon understanding the causes of persistent underdevelopment in Africa. A critical analysis of the situation indicates that while there is no single cause for persistent underdevelopment in Africa, corruption and totalitarian dictatorships may be identified as the primary causes. Within Africa, the legacy of colonialism is the most popular explanation for the continent's continuing underdevelopment. Certainly, as J. Brea (2008) explains, colonialism with its tendency for the "haphazard" division of territories and creation of states, not to mention its exploitation of the continent's natural resources, is a factor in Africa's underdevelopment (para. 1). In essence, the haphazard creation of nations is at the root if the failed state phenomenon which several African nations suffer from and, as such, is a root cause of political instability and hence, the inability to implement economic development policies (Brea, 2008). Nevertheless, it is hardly the primary cause of continued underdevelopment. Continued underdevelopment in Africa and the continent’s persistent failure to improve its economic status is primarily due to corruption, enabled by absolute totalitarian dictatorships. As Senyo Adjilbolosoo (2005) argues, Africa has received billions of dollars in aid and foreign investment during the post-colonial period.